Placing myself in a new normalized life: The process of becoming a first-time father. A grounded theory study.

Becoming a first-time father is an important transition period in men's lives that is frequently accompanied by joy and happiness. Engaging fathers has a broader impact on family and community and on fathers' own well-being. This study explores the process of men becoming first-time fathers and the experiences and challenges involved. Seventeen interviews with men in different stages of pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period were conducted. Through a grounded theory design, a novel four-stage theoretical model emerged that represents the journey to first-time fatherhood. These stages are beginning the journey, fatherhood in limbo, facing reality, and settling down. Participants suggested that achieving a new normality was the final stage where they finally felt located with a sense of mastery in their journey to fatherhood. The novel theoretical approach of addressing the process of men's transition allowed more complete access to their perspectives. Men's needs are different at every phase of the transition to fatherhood, and the use of these findings can help care providers in caring for every man according to the stage he is facing.

Parental Self-Efficacy to Promote Children's Healthy Lifestyles: A Pilot and Feasibility Study.

Positive parenting programs are a key strategy to promote the development of parental competence. We designed a pilot study based on parental self-efficacy to promote healthy lifestyles in their children aged between 2 to 5 years old. In this pilot study, we aimed to assess the effects of a parenting program on parental self-efficacy and parenting styles. Twenty-five parents were allocated into intervention (N = 15) and control group (N = 10). Parents from the intervention group received four group sessions (120 mi per session) to develop a positive parenting, parenting styles and parenting skills regarding to children's diet, exercise, and screen time, and two additional sessions about child development and family games. Parents from the control group received these two latter sessions. Parental self-efficacy, parenting styles, and meal-related parenting practices were measured before and after the intervention and at 3-month follow-up. Acceptability and feasibility of the program was also measured. Quantitative data were analyzed using the repeat measures ANOVA and ANCOVA tests and the effect size calculation. Content analysis was used to analyse open questions. Positive trends were found regarding parental self-efficacy and the use of authoritative parenting style. Parents also reported a great acceptability of the program getting high satisfaction. According to the feasibility barriers and facilitators aspects were identified. The positive trends founded in this study support the development of parenting programs to promote healthy lifestyle in children.

Parental competence programs to promote positive parenting and healthy lifestyles in children: a systematic review / Programas de competência dos pais para promover parentalidade positiva e estilos de vida saudáveis em crianças: uma análise sistemática

Abstract Objective To analyze the available evidence regarding the efficacy of interventions on parents whose children were aged 2-5 years to promote parental competence and skills for children's healthy lifestyles. Source Articles published in English and Spanish, available at PubMed, Psycinfo, CINAHL, Web of Science, Eric, and Cochrane Library were reviewed. Summary of the findings The literature search yielded 2282 articles. Forty-one full texts were retrieved and assessed for inclusion using the PRISMA flow diagram. Twenty-six articles were excluded, as they did not meet the inclusion criteria. In the end, 15 studies were included. The studies were conducted between 2003 and 2016, nine in North America, four in Europe, and two in Asia. Extracted data were synthesized in a tabular format. CASPe guide was used to assess the quality of studies that was moderate overall. Parental self-efficacy was the main construct assessed in most studies. Four studies reported an increase in parental self-efficacy, although most of them were studies without control groups. Conclusions Outcomes of interventions to improve parental competence in order to promote children's lifestyles are promising, but inconsistent. Additional studies with higher methodological and conceptual quality are needed.

Resumo Objetivo Analisar as evidências disponíveis com relação à eficácia de intervenções em pais de filhos entre dois e cinco anos para promover a competência e as habilidades dos pais a respeito de estilos de vida saudáveis para as crianças. Fonte Foram analisados artigos publicados em PubMed, Psycinfo, CINAHL, Web of Science, Eric e Biblioteca Cochrane. Inglês e espanhol. Resumo dos achados A pesquisa da literatura encontrou 2.282 artigos; 41 textos completos foram selecionados e avaliados para inclusão com o fluxograma Prisma; 26 artigos foram excluídos, pois não atendiam aos critérios de inclusão. Por fim, 15 estudos foram incluídos. Os estudos foram feitos entre 2003 e 2016. Nove estudos foram conduzidos na América do Norte, quatro eram de origem europeia e dois de origem asiática. Os dados extraídos foram sintetizados em formato de tabela. O guia CASPe foi usado para avaliar a qualidade dos estudos, que, em geral, foi moderada. A autoeficácia dos pais foi o principal dado avaliado na maioria dos estudos. Quatro estudos relataram um aumento na autoeficácia dos pais, apesar de que a maioria era de estudos sem grupo de controle. Conclusões Os resultados de intervenções para melhorar a competência dos pais para promover os estilos de vida das crianças são promissores, porém incoerentes. São necessários estudos adicionais com melhor qualidade metodológica e conceitual.

Parental competence programs to promote positive parenting and healthy lifestyles in children: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the available evidence regarding the efficacy of interventions on parents whose children were aged 2-5 years to promote parental competence and skills for children's healthy lifestyles. SOURCE: Articles published in English and Spanish, available at PubMed, Psycinfo, CINAHL, Web of Science, Eric, and Cochrane Library were reviewed. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS: The literature search yielded 2282 articles. Forty-one full texts were retrieved and assessed for inclusion using the PRISMA flow diagram. Twenty-six articles were excluded, as they did not meet the inclusion criteria. In the end, 15 studies were included. The studies were conducted between 2003 and 2016, nine in North America, four in Europe, and two in Asia. Extracted data were synthesized in a tabular format. CASPe guide was used to assess the quality of studies that was moderate overall. Parental self-efficacy was the main construct assessed in most studies. Four studies reported an increase in parental self-efficacy, although most of them were studies without control groups. CONCLUSIONS: Outcomes of interventions to improve parental competence in order to promote children's lifestyles are promising, but inconsistent. Additional studies with higher methodological and conceptual quality are needed.

Cinco paradojas de la promoción de la salud / Five paradoxes in health promotion

La Organización Mundial de la Salud considera que la promoción de la salud es una estrategia fundamental para aumentar la salud de la población, concibiéndola como un proceso global que permite a las personas incrementar el control sobre su salud para mejorarla. Así, la promoción de la salud no se centra únicamente en capacitar a los individuos trabajando sus conocimientos, actitudes y habilidades, sino que tiene en cuenta las esferas políticas, sociales, económicas y ambientales que influyen en la salud y el bienestar. La complejidad de aplicar estos conceptos se refleja en las cinco paradojas de la promoción de la salud que surgen entre la retórica y la puesta en práctica de sus principios. Las paradojas que se identifican y discuten en este trabajo son el paciente versus la persona, lo individual versus lo colectivo, los profesionales de la enfermedad versus los profesionales de la salud, los indicadores de enfermedad versus los indicadores de salud y la salud como gasto versus la salud como inversión. Hacer explícitas estas contradicciones puede ayudar a identificar los motivos por los que resulta tan compleja la aplicación de los conceptos relacionados con la promoción de la salud, y a plantear líneas de trabajo que faciliten su puesta en práctica (AU)

The World Health Organization states that health promotion is a key strategy to improve health, and it is conceived as a global process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health. Health promotion does not focus solely on empowering individuals dealing with their knowledge, attitudes and skills, but it also takes political, social, economic and environmental aspects influencing health and wellbeing into account. The complexity of applying these concepts is reflected in the five paradoxes in health promotion; these arise in between the rhetoric in health promotion and implementation. The detected paradoxes which are described herein involve the patient versus the person, the individual versus the group, disease professionals versus health professionals, disease indicators versus health indicators, and health as an expense versus health as an investment. Making these contradictions explicit can help determine why it is so complex to put the concepts related to health promotion into practice. It can also help to put forward aspects that need further work if health promotion is to put into practice (AU)

[Five paradoxes in health promotion]. / Cinco paradojas de la promoción de la salud.

The World Health Organization states that health promotion is a key strategy to improve health, and it is conceived as a global process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health. Health promotion does not focus solely on empowering individuals dealing with their knowledge, attitudes and skills, but it also takes political, social, economic and environmental aspects influencing health and wellbeing into account. The complexity of applying these concepts is reflected in the five paradoxes in health promotion; these arise in between the rhetoric in health promotion and implementation. The detected paradoxes which are described herein involve the patient versus the person, the individual versus the group, disease professionals versus health professionals, disease indicators versus health indicators, and health as an expense versus health as an investment. Making these contradictions explicit can help determine why it is so complex to put the concepts related to health promotion into practice. It can also help to put forward aspects that need further work if health promotion is to put into practice.

[Changes in body weight of the university students at university]. / MODIFICACIÓN DEL PESO CORPORAL DE LOS ESTUDIANTES UNIVERSITARIOS EN NAVARRA DURANTE LOS TRES PRIMEROS AÑOS DE UNIVERSIDAD.

INTRODUCTION: One of the strategies for the prevention of the obesity is the identification of critical periods of gain weight. Some studies confirm gain weight during the university period. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to determine the changes in the body weight of the university students in Navarre. METHODS: Prospective cohort study. Public University of Navarre and the University of Navarre, in Pamplona. Study examined weight change among 452 students attending at university in Pamplona, during first and third course. Four hundred and fifty two students completed the questionnaire. Weight and height were measures and body mass index was calculated. RESULTS: The mean body weight increased 0,600 kg, 1,8 kg for males and no change in body weight was observed in female. 44,7 % of students gained weight (60,8 % of men and 36,8 % of women), and the gain weight was of 3,4 kg. DISCUSSION: University years are a critical factor for the gain weight, particularly males. Consideration of this, is necessary the development of effective weight gain prevention strategies during the university.

Introducción: una de las estrategias para la prevención de la obesidad es la identificación de periodos críticos de aumento de peso, y existen estudios que confirman un aumento de peso corporal durante el periodo universitario. Objetivo: determinar las modificaciones en el peso corporal de los estudiantes universitarios en España, durante los tres primeros años de universidad. Métodos: estudio longitudinal y prospectivo de una muestra de estudiantes universitarios en España. Participaron universitarios matriculados en primer curso, a quienes se siguió en tercer curso. De los 1.162 estudiantes iniciales, 499 volvieron a participar (pérdida de seguimiento del 57,05%) y la muestra fue constituida por 452 estudiantes (pérdida de seguimiento del 60,8 %). Los estudiantes respondieron a un cuestionario y se valoró el peso y la talla corporal. Resultados: el peso corporal experimentó un incremento medio de 0,600 kg. En los hombres 1,88 kg y sin apenas modificación en las mujeres. Entre el 44,7 % de los estudiantes que aumentaron de peso (60,8 % hombres y 36,8 % mujeres), la ganancia media de peso alcanzó los 3,4 kg. Discusión: durante el periodo universitario se produce un aumento del peso corporal que afecta principalmente a los hombres. Por este motivo, es necesario continuar con los programas de promoción de la salud en este entorno.

Modificación del peso corporal de los estudiantes universitarios en Navarra durante los tres primeros años de universidad / Changes in body weight of the university students at university

Introducción: una de las estrategias para la prevención de la obesidad es la identificación de periodos críticos de aumento de peso, y existen estudios que confirman un aumento de peso corporal durante el periodo universitario. Objetivo: determinar las modificaciones en el peso corporal de los estudiantes universitarios en España, durante los tres primeros años de universidad. Métodos: estudio longitudinal y prospectivo de una muestra de estudiantes universitarios en España. Participaron universitarios matriculados en primer curso, a quienes se siguió en tercer curso. De los 1.162 estudiantes iniciales, 499 volvieron a participar (pérdida de seguimiento del 57,05%) y la muestra fue constituida por 452 estudiantes (pérdida de seguimiento del 60,8 %). Los estudiantes respondieron a un cuestionario y se valoró el peso y la talla corporal. Resultados: el peso corporal experimentó un incremento medio de 0,600 kg. En los hombres 1,88 kg y sin apenas modificación en las mujeres. Entre el 44,7 % de los estudiantes que aumentaron de peso (60,8 % hombres y 36,8 % mujeres), la ganancia media de peso alcanzó los 3,4 kg. Discusión: durante el periodo universitario se produce un aumento del peso corporal que afecta principalmente a los hombres. Por este motivo, es necesario continuar con los programas de promoción de la salud en este entorno (AU)

Introduction: one of the strategies for the prevention of the obesity is the identification of critical periods of gain weight. Some studies confirm gain weight during the university period. Objective: the purpose of the present study was to determine the changes in the body weight of the university students in Navarre. Methods: prospective cohort study. Public University of Navarre and the University of Navarre, in Pamplona. Study examined weight change among 452 students attending at university in Pamplona, during first and third course. Four hundred and fifty two students completed the questionnaire. Weight and height were measures and body mass index was calculated. Results: the mean body weight increased 0,600 kg, 1,8 kg for males and no change in body weight was observed in female. 44,7 % of students gained weight (60,8 % of men and 36,8 % of women), and the gain weight was of 3,4 kg. Discussion: university years are a critical factor for the gain weight, particularly males. Consideration of this, is necessary the development of effective weight gain prevention strategies during the university (AU)

Análisis de la percepción de la imagen corporal que tienen los estudiantes universitarios de Navarra / Analysis of body image perception of university students in Navarra

Introducción: Los modelos de belleza actuales representan una extremada delgadez en las mujeres y un cuerpo musculoso en los hombres. La propia percepción de imagen corporal va a condicionar la búsqueda del ideal de belleza, a través de diferentes conductas y comportamientos, que en último término pueden transformarse en trastornos de conducta alimentaria. Los jóvenes universitarios sometidos a los cambios propios de la juventud y de la transición universitaria, son un grupo de población especialmente vulnerable. Objetivo: El objetivo del estudio consistió en describir la percepción de la imagen corporal (PIC) de estudiantes universitarios en Navarra. Método: Se incluyeron 1.162 participantes de entre 17 y 35 años, que respondieron a un cuestionario de autocumplimentación anónimo y firmaron un consentimiento informado para someterse a mediciones antropométricas que permitieron calcular el índice de masa corporal. Para conocer la percepción de imagen corporal, los sujetos eligieron de entre 9 siluetas de hombres y mujeres, aquella con la que mejor se identificaban. Resultados: El 55,6% de los estudiantes tuvo una percepción de imagen corporal que no se correspondía con la realidad. Sobreestimando su índice de masa corporal el 9,7% de los hombres y el 58,1% de las mujeres. Discusión: Un alto porcentaje de universitarios tenían una percepción de imagen corporal que no se correspondía con la realidad, mostrando la preocupación de este grupo de población por su imagen corporal. Se identificaron más casos de alteración de la percepción de imagen corporal en mujeres, que en general sobreestimaban su índice de masa corporal. En los hombres, la tendencia era a subestimarlo. Coincidiendo con otras investigaciones, el sobrepeso/obesidad influye en la PIC. Los estudiantes más corpulentos, de ambos sexos, tendían a subestimar su índice de masa corporal (AU)

Introduction: Current models of beauty represent an extreme thinness in the women and a muscular body in the men. The body image perception will condition the search of ideal beauty through different behaviors and can be transform in eating disorders. The university students, with the changes typical of youth and university transition, are a vulnerable group. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the body image perception of university students in Navarra. Methods: The study included 1162 subjects of which 64.2% were female. Students asked for a self-managed questionnaire and they were weighted and heighted to calculate the body mass index (BMI). Their body image perception were obtained asking the students to select a picture, according to their perception which corresponded to their current body image from nine different silhouettes for men and women. Their BMI were calculated and compared with their perceived BMI. Results: 43.03% of students, overestimated their body image (10.65% in males and 59.69% in females) and 10.20% of students underestimated it. 46.75% of students had concordance between BMI and body image perception. Discussion: There were more cases the alterations in the body image perception in women. In general, women saw themselves as being fatter than really were while men saw themselves as being thinner than they really were. The results shown that the women were more worried about their weight and body image than the men (AU)

[Study of prevalence and association between asthma symptoms and obesity in the pediatric population of Pamplona]. / Estudio de prevalencia y asociación entre síntomas de asma y obesidad en la población pediátrica de Pamplona.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of asthma symptoms and overweight-obese in children aged 6-7 years and adolescents aged 13-14 years within the metropolitan area of Pamplona, and analyse the risk of asthma within the age groups and the influences if sex on this relationship. METHODS: The study is based on data of asthma symptoms and body mass index of 4,413 children and adolescents obtained from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies phase III questionnaire. Unconditional logistic regression was used to obtain adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for overweight-obesity and asthma symptoms in both groups, taking as reference the group of normal weight. Afterwards, it was stratified by sex. RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight-obesity in the group aged 6-7 years was 23.9% and in the group of teenagers was 11.5%. The prevalence of asthma symptoms in both age groups was lower than the Spanish average. The obese children aged 6-7 years had a higher risk of asthma symptoms. When it was stratified by sex, an increased risk in all asthma symptoms was observed only in obese girls. No relationship between obesity and asthma was observed n the adolescents group. CONCLUSIONS: Obesity in children is related to asthma symptoms. Obese girls have an increased risk and more severe asthma symptoms than boys.

Objetivos: El objetivo de este estudio es determinar la prevalencia de síntomas de asma y de sobrepeso-obesidad de niños de 6-7años y adolescentes de 13-14 años del área metropolitana de Pamplona, así como analizar si los niños-adolescentes con sobrepeso u obesidad presentan un mayor riesgo de padecer asma y si el sexo modifica esta relación. Métodos: Los datos de síntomas de asma e índice de masa corporal (IMC) de 4.413 niños y adolescentes se obtuvieron del cuestionario International Study of Allergies and Asthma fase III. Se realizó regresión logística no condicional para obtener las odds ratios ajustadas (OR) y los intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC del 95 %) para sobrepeso-obesidad y síntomas de asma en ambos grupos, tomando como referencia el grupo de normopeso. Posteriormente se estratifico por sexo. Resultados: la prevalencia de sobrepeso-obesidad en el grupo de 6-7 años fue de 23,9% y en el grupo de adolescentes de 11,5%. La prevalencia de síntomas de asma en ambos grupos de edad fue inferior a la media española. Los niños de 6-7 años obesos presentaron mayor riesgo de síntomas de asma. Al estratificar por sexo, se observó un aumento de riesgo en todos los síntomas de asma solo en niñas obesas. En el grupo de adolescentes no se observó relación entre obesidad y asma. Conclusiones: La obesidad en niños esta relacionada con los síntomas de asma. Las niñas obesas presentan un mayor riesgo y mayor gravedad de síntomas de asma que los niños.

Estudio de prevalencia y asociación entre síntomas de asma y obesidad en la población pediátrica de Pamplona / Study of prevalence and association between asthma symptoms and obesity in the pediatric population of Pamplona

Objetivos: El objetivo de este estudio es determinar la prevalencia de síntomas de asma y de sobrepeso-obesidad de niños de 6-7años y adolescentes de 13-14 años del área metropolitana de Pamplona, así como analizar si los niños-adolescentes con sobrepeso u obesidad presentan un mayor riesgo de padecer asma y si el sexo modifica esta relación. Métodos: Los datos de síntomas de asma e índice de masa corporal (IMC) de 4.413 niños y adolescentes se obtuvieron del cuestionario International Study of Allergies and Asthma fase III. Se realizó regresión logística no condicional para obtener las odds ratios ajustadas (OR) y los intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC del 95 %) para sobrepeso-obesidad y síntomas de asma en ambos grupos, tomando como referencia el grupo de normopeso. Posteriormente se estratifico por sexo. Resultados: la prevalencia de sobrepeso-obesidad en el grupo de 6-7 años fue de 23,9% y en el grupo de adolescentes de 11,5%. La prevalencia de síntomas de asma en ambos grupos de edad fue inferior a la media española. Los niños de 6-7 años obesos presentaron mayor riesgo de síntomas de asma. Al estratificar por sexo, se observó un aumento de riesgo en todos los síntomas de asma solo en niñas obesas. En el grupo de adolescentes no se observó relación entre obesidad y asma. Conclusiones: La obesidad en niños está relacionada con los síntomas de asma. Las niñas obesas presentan un mayor riesgo y mayor gravedad de síntomas de asma que los niños (AU)

Objectives: The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of asthma symptoms and overweight-obese in children aged 6-7years and adolescents aged 13-14 years within the metropolitan area of Pamplona, and analyse the risk of asthma within the age groups and the influences if sex on this relationship Methods: The study is based on data of asthma symptoms and body mass index of 4,413 children and adolescents obtained from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies phase III questionnaire. Unconditional logistic regression was used to obtain adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for overweight-obesity and asthma symptoms in both groups, taking as reference the group of normal weight. Afterwards, it was stratified by sex. Results: The prevalence of overweight-obesity in the group aged 6-7 years was 23.9% and in the group of teenagers was 11.5%. The prevalence of asthma symptoms in both age groups was lower than the Spanish average. The obese children aged 6-7 years had a higher risk of asthma symptoms. When it was stratified by sex, an increased risk in all asthma symptoms was observed only in obese girls. No relationship between obesity and asthma was observed n the adolescents group. Conclusions: Obesity in children is related to asthma symptoms. Obese girls have an increased risk and more severe asthma symptoms than boys (AU)

Educación sanitaria en la menopausia. Valoración a largo plazo / Health education during menopause: a long range evaluation

Tras evaluar anualmente la repercusión en las mujeres de un programa de salud en la menopausia, se estudia si los resultados obtenidos permanecen a más largo plazo. El estudio de corte transversal se efectúa en el año 1998 sobre una muestra aleatoria del total de mujeres que asisten al programa de Educación durante los años 1995 Y 1996, realizándose, además, una comparación entre ambos grupos. Los resultados muestran que las mujeres, una vez que han adquirido los conocimientos que fundamentan la práctica de hábitos saludables, los integran en su estilo de vida de forma permanente. Parte de este trabajo fue expuesto en comunicación oral en las Jornadas Andaluzas de Enfermería Ginecológica, celebradas en Sevilla en noviembre de 1998 (AU)